Evolution of Aesthetic Dentistry.

One of the main goals of dental treatment is to mimic teeth and design smiles in a most natural and aesthetic manner, based on the individual and specific needs of the patient. Possibilities to reach that goal have significantly improved over the last decade through new and specific treatment modalities, steadily enhanced and more aesthetic dental materials, and novel techniques and technologies. This article gives an overview of the evolution of aesthetic dentistry over the past 100 y from a historical point of view and highlights advances in the development of dental research and clinical interventions that have contributed the science and art of aesthetic dentistry. Among the most noteworthy advancements over the past decade are the establishment of universal aesthetic rules and guidelines based on the assessment of natural aesthetic parameters, anatomy, and physiognomy; the development of tooth whitening and advanced restorative as well as prosthetic materials and techniques, supported by the pioneering discovery of dental adhesion; the significant progress in orthodontics and periodontal as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery; and, most recently, the implementation of digital technologies in the 3-dimensional planning and realization of truly natural, individual, and aesthetic smiles. In the future, artificial intelligence and machine learning will likely lead to automation of aesthetic evaluation, smile design, and treatment-planning processes.

From Improving Egos to Perfecting Smiles: Orthodontics and Psychology, 1945-2000.

From World War II to the end of 20th century, the types of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and their reasons for doing so changed significantly. In the 1950s and 1960s, Canadian parents were told that orthodontics would "cure" inferiority complexes and protect children with crooked teeth, especially girls, from a life of delinquency and missed opportunities. By the last two decades of the 20th century, the consumer health movement and rising incomes empowered patients to decide which treatments were right for them, and an increasing number of adult patients sought orthodontic treatment to improve their appearance. Orthodontists never abandoned their claim that orthodontic treatment could improve psychological health, as while health psychologists and other researchers increasingly called this into question. But orthodontists did begin to place greater emphasis on aesthetics as a reason for treatment, and orthodontics became part of a much larger explosion in "cosmetic dentistry" procedures that came to include tooth whitening and veneers.

Evolution of esthetic considerations in orthodontics.

The importance of facial esthetics to the practice of orthodontics has its origins at the beginning of our specialty. In 1900, Edward H. Angle believed that an esthetic or a "harmonious" face required a full complement of teeth, but many who came after him questioned this notion. In the 1930s, the development of cephalometrics laid the foundation for studying growth and development, treatment effects, facial forms, and esthetics. By the 1950s, the importance of diagnosing and planning treatment for an esthetic result was established, but the measurement of soft tissue variables was lacking, and this became an important area of research. In the 1970s, researchers were looking at the stability of hard tissue changes over time, and they were also interested in how the soft tissues change with age. Although the early studies of esthetics in orthodontic treatment focused on how clinicians viewed their patients, changing demographics and cultural attitudes led researchers to look more seriously at consumer preferences and the public's attitudes. Their findings--that consumers preferred fuller lips--led to a swing back toward nonextraction treatment. Expansion appliances and molar distalization techniques became popular, and surgical procedures to obtain more ideal esthetic results became more common. Since the 1990s, advances in computers and technology have allowed us to study, predict, and produce esthetic results previously thought unattainable. Today, more so than at any other time in our specialty, we have the ability to provide esthetic results to our patients.

Changes in esthetic standards since 1940.

INTRODUCTION: The goals of this study were to investigate differences between the most popular female and male faces, past and present, and to determine whether they had changed over time and, if so, to what extent. METHODS: Internet film databases were searched for photographs of men and women who were considered attractive between 1940 and 2008. Images meeting defined inclusion criteria were compared. Measurements were taken on a minimum of 20 images per sex per decade. Intersex facial differences were grouped by decades, and we examined whether these differences remained stable or whether and how they changed over time. RESULTS: The women had fuller and more protrusive lip profiles than did the men, particularly during the first decade of the 21st century. Significant sex-specific developments were noted over time with respect to chin lengths, frontonasal angles, and total face angles. The men had decreases in chin size and length, but a small opposite trend was observed in the women's faces. During the observation period, female and male faces considered highly attractive became slightly more similar in terms of chin position and size. CONCLUSIONS: Notions of facial attractiveness might be influenced by developments in society.

Dental aesthetics as an expression of culture and ritual.

Intentional mutilation or modifications to human teeth hold anthropological and social significance. Studying them helps to understand past and present human behaviour from a geographic, cultural, religious and aesthetic perspective. Presented herein is the case of the skull of a male aged 20-25 years from Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India) with aesthetic dental mutilation on the two upper central incisors, originating from the Skull Collection of the Museum of Forensic Anthropology, Paleopathology and Criminal Studies of the School of Legal Medicine of Madrid. The mutilation consists of both an alteration of the contour of the crown and the inclusion of decorative elements on the labial surface of both teeth. Performed in this study is a radiographic analysis of the dental modifications as well as a paleopathological study of the mutilated teeth.

La belleza a través de la Historia y su relación con la estomatología / Beauty through History their relationship with Deontology

La imagen que el Hombre muestra a sus semejantes ha sido una de sus preocupaciones más primitivas; la reflexión sobre ella o de lo bello que puede contener esa imagen, no ha sido algo que se haya mantenido fijo, es un resultado del desarrollo del conocimiento humano y particularmente de la Estética. Por lo que nos propusimos como objetivo para este trabajo reflexionar acerca de la comprensión de la Belleza a través de la Historia particularizando en la comprensión de la belleza de los dientes. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en libros impresos, y automatizada en Internet con el buscador Google y con el uso de descriptores como Belleza, Salud, Estomatología. Pudimos arribar a la idea de que el concepto evolucionó a partir del desarrollo social y puede llegar a incluir la belleza de los dientes como expresión de autocomplacencia con su imagen por los hombres.

Image that man shows his fellow men, it has been one of his more primitive concerns, beautiful thing that it can contain image, or reflection about it has not been something that has stayed fixed, it's a result of development of human knowledge and particularly Aesthetics. Our objective for this work was to meditate about understanding of Beauty through history particularizing in understanding of Beauty of teeth. It was carried out a bibliographical search in printed books, and automated in Internet with searching Google and with describers for search were Beauty, Health, and Deontology. We could arrive to idea that concept evolves starting from social development and it can end up including Beauty of teeth like self-satisfaction expression with its image for men.

La belleza a través de la Historia y su relación con la estomatología / Beauty through History their relationship with Deontology

La imagen que el Hombre muestra a sus semejantes ha sido una de sus preocupaciones más primitivas; la reflexión sobre ella o de lo bello que puede contener esa imagen, no ha sido algo que se haya mantenido fijo, es un resultado del desarrollo del conocimiento humano y particularmente de la Estética. Por lo que nos propusimos como objetivo para este trabajo reflexionar acerca de la comprensión de la Belleza a través de la Historia particularizando en la comprensión de la belleza de los dientes. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en libros impresos, y automatizada en Internet con el buscador Google y con el uso de descriptores como Belleza, Salud, Estomatología. Pudimos arribar a la idea de que el concepto evolucionó a partir del desarrollo social y puede llegar a incluir la belleza de los dientes como expresión de autocomplacencia con su imagen por los hombres(AU)

Image that man shows his fellow men, it has been one of his more primitive concerns, beautiful thing that it can contain image, or reflection about it has not been something that has stayed fixed, it's a result of development of human knowledge and particularly Aesthetics. Our objective for this work was to meditate about understanding of Beauty through history particularizing in understanding of Beauty of teeth. It was carried out a bibliographical search in printed books, and automated in Internet with searching Google and with describers for search were Beauty, Health, and Deontology. We could arrive to idea that concept evolves starting from social development and it can end up including Beauty of teeth like self-satisfaction expression with its image for men(AU)

Autoinjerto de tejido conectivo para aumento del volumen de tejidos blandos. Indicaciones y aplicación clínica / Connective tissue autograft for ridge augmentation. Indications and clinical application

En general, la zona edéntula residual impide una correcta relación estética entre póntico y cresta, desencadenando una falta de estética en casos en los cuales queda implicado el frente anterior. Para corregir este tipo de defectos podremos utilizar distintas técnicas de aumento de tejido y con un correcto manejo del mismo con la ayuda de un póntico ovoide. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar a través de un caso clínico una técnica de modificación tisular en una zona con defecto clase III de Seibert a través de un injerto de tejido conectivo y un póntico ovoide (AU)

In general, the edentulous area prevents a correct relationship between pontic-ridge, and it unleashesan aesthetic absence in the anterior front cases. To achieve this kind of defects we could use different kinds of techniques to modify a type III Seibert defect (1) through a connective tissue graft and an ovate pontic (AU)

Cerámica prehispánica y hallazgos arqueológicos: apreciación estética desde la perspectiva odontológica / Prehispanic ceramics and archeological findings: esthetic appreciation from the dental perspective

Son muchas y muy diversas las formas en las que el ser humano ha dejado muestra de su evolución. Dentro de estas manifestaciones se encuentran interesantes expresiones a las que hoy denominamos artísticas, tales como la expresión gráfica y la escultura. El presente artículo es un trabajo de investigación documental sobre la correspondencia que existe entre el diseño de la cerámica prehispánica y los hallazgos arqueológicos de restos humanos, particularmente en mutilaciones y limaduras dentarias. Se destaca la observación de los tipos dentales identificados en la cerámica arqueológica y su relación con los tipos de formas de mutilación dentaria clasificados por Romero J. Es de especial interés considerar el posible propósito estético de las limaduras dentarias, principalmente de los dientes anteriores, y cómo con base a un análisis longitudinal, la odontología actual considera importante los aspectos estético y funcional.

They are many and very diverse forms that the human being has left traces of their evolution. Within these, we can find very important expressions that we could call in this day artistic, like the graphic expression or the sculpture. This article is a documented investigation over the relationship between the design of prehispanic ceramic and the archaeological findings of human remains, particularly on dental filings and mutilations. We highlight the observation of varied dental types within the archaeological ceramic and the relationship of these with different types of dental mutilations classified as post-Romero J. It is interesting to consider the possibility of aesthetic purpose of the dental filings, mainly on the front teeth, and how when we do a long analysis, the actual dentistry takes into account both aspects, the functional and the aesthetic.

Theodore Roosevelt's "presidential smile" and questionable dental health.

Theodore ("TR" or "Teddy") Roosevelt (1858-1919), who served as the twenty-sixth President of the United States from 1901 to 1909, was an "Icon of the American Century." Characterized by immense energy, numerous skills, zest for life, and enduring accomplishments, he made an impressive ascent to political importance. However, he also experienced serious, chronic, oral and systemic health problems. In spite of these significant health obstacles, he chose "the strenuous life," and cultivated a lifetime of joy, laughter and humor. TR was known as "the first president that smiled," and he was typically photographed and illustrated grinning from ear to ear. His flashing white teeth, wide smile, and engaging openness became welcome symbols of national and international acceptance. When Roosevelt died, suddenly and prematurely at the age of 60, dentists and physicians of that time began to investigate the probable medical causes of his untimely demise. The "focal infection hysteria" of the early 1900s convinced some of these health professionals that "a bad tooth", that previously had been endodontically treated, was the probable cause of death. Much of the early 20th century evidence-supporting the notion that oral sepsis was a "cause" of local or systemic disease-has now been proven, on closer inspection, to be anecdotal or of questionable scientific merit. Nevertheless, during those early days, it was common practice to extract all endodontically or periodontally involved teeth to eliminate any possible foci of infection that many clinicians believed could cause disease.

Victorian era esthetic and restorative dentistry: an advertising trade card gallery.

A chief means of print advertising in the Victorian era was the "trade card." Innumerable products, companies, and services were highlighted on colorful chromolithographic trade cards, and these became desirable collectible objects which were pasted into scrapbooks and enjoyed by many families. Dentistry- and oral health-related subjects were often depicted on Victorian trade cards, and esthetic and restorative dentistry themes were featured. This review describes the history of advertising trade cards and offers a photographic gallery of dentistry-related cards of the era.

The Vikings bare their filed teeth.

Finds of deliberate dental modification have for the first time been found in archaeological human skeletal material from Europe. The type of modification is a horizontally filed furrow on the frontal upper part of the tooth crown. The furrows are single or, more usually, multiple, and are found on the front teeth in the maxilla. The affected individuals are 24 men from the Viking Age (ca. 800-1050 AD), found in present day Sweden and Denmark. The marks are so well-made that it is most likely they were filed by a person of great skill. The reason for, and importance of, the furrows are obscure. The affected individuals may have belonged to a certain occupational group (such as tradesmen), or the furrows could have been pure decoration.

Anterior dental aesthetics: historical perspective.

The purpose of this series is to convey the principles governing our aesthetic senses. Usually meaning visual perception, aesthetics is not merely limited to the ocular apparatus. The concept of aesthetics encompasses both the time - arts such as music, theatre, literature and film, as well as space - arts such as paintings, sculpture and architecture.

[Teeth decoration back after a long and forgotten history]. / Tandjuwelen na lange en vergeten geschiedenis weer in opkomst 1.

After the last ice-age modern man started to remove, file, dye and inlay teeth. The teeth had such a central role in the imagination that the habit of more or less ritual decoration by incurable manipulation of the teeth spread all over the world. The most skillful and artistic work was done by craftsmen of the Maya. Between 1500 and 1900 modern researchers classified the habits as primitive and barbarian but during the twentieth century some of them took the question seriously. In the last decennium tooth jewelery is sold more and more often. In two articles the history of teeth decoration is outlined. In this article the significance of the manipulations is emphasized. The second will focus on the changing appreciation of the phenomenon.

La evolución de la adhesion a dentina / The history in dentinal adhesion

Se realiza una revisión a la historia de la adhesión comenzando en las culturas precolombinas ("era pre-adhesiva"), para continuar en la "era adhesiva" con las aportaciones de Buonocuore y la aparición del Bis-GMA, pasando por la incorporación al mercado dental de los fosfatos, los oxalatos, el sistema Gluma. Se analiza también la descripción de la capa híbrida por Nakabayashi, después aparecen los primeros acuosos y la hibridación de tejidos duros hasta llegar a los sistemas adhesivos autograbadores (AU)

An overview of dentin bonding history is done by the author since early south American cultures (pre-adhesive age) to continued in the adhesive age with Buonoccore's findings and the rise of Bis-GMA and the first dentin adhesives based on phosphate, oxalate and Gluma system. Nakabayashi's hybrid layer is described and the evolution of aqueous primers and hard tissues hybridation until arrival of newest self-etching adhesives (AU)

[Tooth decoration back after a long and forgotten history 2]. / Tandjuwelen na lange en vergeten geschiedenis weer in opkomst 2.

After the last ice-age modern man started to remove, file, dye and inlay teeth. The teeth had such a central role in the imagination that the habit of more or less ritual decoration by incurable manipulation of the teeth spread all over the world. The most skillful and artistic work was done by craftsmen of the Maya. Between 1500 and 1900 CE modern researchers classified the habits as primitive and barbarian but during the twentieth century some of them took the question serious. In the last decennium tooth jewellery is sold more and more often. In two articles the history of teeth decoration is outlined. In the first article the significance of the manipulations was emphasized. This second article will focus on the changing appreciation of the phenomenon.